Kubernetes是Google在2014年6月开源的一个容器集群管理系统,使用Go语言开发,Kubernetes也叫K8S。
K8S是Google内部一个叫Borg的容器集群管理系统衍生出来的,Borg已经在Google大规模生产运行十年之久。
K8S主要用于自动化部署、扩展和管理容器应用,提供了资源调度、部署管理、服务发现、扩容缩容、监控等一整套功能。
2015年7月,Kubernetes v1.0正式发布,截止到2017年9月29日最新稳定版本是v1.8。
Kubernetes目标是让部署容器化应用简单高效。
官方网站:www.kubernetes.io
Kubernetes主要功能:
数据卷
Pod中容器之间共享数据,可以使用数据卷。
应用程序健康检查
容器内服务可能进程堵塞无法处理请求,可以设置监控检查策略保证应用健壮性。
复制应用程序实例
控制器维护着Pod副本数量,保证一个Pod或一组同类的Pod数量始终可用。
弹性伸缩
根据设定的指标(CPU利用率)自动缩放Pod副本数。
服务发现
使用环境变量或DNS服务插件保证容器中程序发现Pod入口访问地址。
负载均衡
一组Pod副本分配一个私有的集群IP地址,负载均衡转发请求到后端容器。在集群内部其他Pod可通过这个ClusterIP访问应 用。
滚动更新
更新服务不中断,一次更新一个Pod,而不是同时删除整个服务。
服务编排
通过文件描述部署服务,使得应用程序部署变得更高效。
资源监控
Node节点组件集成cAdvisor资源收集工具,可通过Heapster汇总整个集群节点资源数据,然后存储到InfluxDB时序数据库, 再由Grafana展示。
提供认证和授权
支持属性访问控制(ABAC)、角色访问控制(RBAC)认证授权策略。
基本对象概念
基本对象:
Pod
Pod是最小部署单元,一个Pod有一个或多个容器组成,Pod中容器共享存储和网络,在同一台Docker主机上运行。
nService
Service一个应用服务抽象,定义了Pod逻辑集合和访问这个Pod集合的策略。
Service代理Pod集合对外表现是为一个访问入口,分配一个集群IP地址,来自这个IP的请求将负载均衡转发后端Pod中的容器。
Service通过LableSelector选择一组Pod提供服务。
Volume
数据卷,共享Pod中容器使用的数据。
Namespace
命名空间将对象逻辑上分配到不同Namespace,可以是不同的项目、用户等区分管理,并设定控制策略,从而实现多租户。
命名空间也称为虚拟集群。
Lable
标签用于区分对象(比如Pod、Service),键/值对存在;每个对象可以有多个标签,通过标签关联对象。
基于基本对象更高层次抽象:
ReplicaSet
下一代ReplicationController。确保任何给定时间指定的Pod副本数量,并提供声明式更新等功能。
RC与RS唯一区别就是lableselector支持不同,RS支持新的基于集合的标签,RC仅支持基于等式的标签。
Deployment
Deployment是一个更高层次的API对象,它管理ReplicaSets和Pod,并提供声明式更新等功能。
官方建议使用Deployment管理ReplicaSets,而不是直接使用ReplicaSets,这就意味着可能永远不需要直接操作 ReplicaSet对象。
StatefulSet
StatefulSet适合持久性的应用程序,有唯一的网络标识符(IP),持久存储,有序的部署、扩展、删除和滚动更新。
DaemonSet
DaemonSet确保所有(或一些)节点运行同一个Pod。当节点加入Kubernetes集群中,Pod会被调度到该节点上运行,当节点 从集群中移除时,DaemonSet的Pod会被删除。删除DaemonSet会清理它所有创建的Pod。
Job
一次性任务,运行完成后Pod销毁,不再重新启动新容器。还可以任务定时运行。
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